Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), an essential oil bearing perennial herb in the Lamiaceae family. This study was conducted to obtain synthetic seeds from axillary buds and somatic embryos of lemon balm. Germination capacity of the synthetic seeds was tested in vitro and in vivo conditions. Two different methods, direct use of axillary buds and somatic embryos with 4% sodium alginate encapsulation were used. The highest callus formation rate was obtained from 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D + 1.0 mg/l NAA + 0.5 mg/l KN and 1.5 mg/l 2,4-D + 1.0 mg/l IAA + 0.5 mg/l KN applications with 62.51%. To obtain somatic embryos calli were transferred on MS with 0.5 mg/l KN. Synthetic seeds form axially bud and somatic embryos were obtained by covering 4% sodium alginate and dropping in 100 mM calcium chloride. Germination potential of synthetic seeds was tested in MS medium and peat. No germination was observed in peat, but only 15% germination of the synthetic seeds from axillary buds was observed on MS medium.

The almond culture is very old in Turkey, but it has not reached the importance as the other major fruit species, until recently. However, in recent years, new almond orchards in Turkey have been established with late-flowering foreign cultivars, and the almond production has increased. This study was carried out to determine the phenological and fruit quality characteristics of some almond cultivars (Nonpareil, Texas, Drake, Ferragnes and Ferraduel) in Usak ecological conditions. According to the findings, Ferragnes and Ferraduel were found to be the latest flowering cultivar on March 26, while Nonpareil was the earliest flowering one on March 16. Flowering period of cultivars changed between 14 and 17 days. The fruit set rates were significantly higher in the Ferragnes and Ferraduel varieties (30.7% and 30.8%, respectively) than in the other cultivars. As a result of pomological analyzes; the heaviest fruits were obtained from Ferragnes and Ferraduel (4.15 g and 4.02 g, respectively), and the smallest from Texas (1.62 g) and Nonpareil (1.67 g). The kernel percentages of Nonpareil and Texas was highest with 53.5% and 52.7%, respectively, while the lowest rate was found in Ferraduel with 25.2%. In general, it is suggested that the Ferragnes cultivar which flowered after 10 days from other almond cultivars in order to protect from the late spring frosts frequently encountered in the Usak province, especially because of the fruit yield and kernel ratio compared to Ferraduel cultivar.

In this study, a greenhouse environment which was 380 cm in length, 320 cm in width and 200 cm in height was built in the area of Bafra - Kusçular village. There were one food tank, circulation pump, dripping piles, nipple pipe system in the greenhouse. 2 cocopeat bags in the size of 100 cm x 20 cm x 7 cm and 8 rock wools were used to plant and grow tomatoes. Tomato seedlings were used for soilless farming practice. After the establishment of the greenhouse, the tomato seedlings were placed in the cocopeats and nutrition was performed according to the seasonal conditions. As a result of the study, it has been determined that tomato production is performed properly in Bafra Plain by using the soilless agricultural production method.

In this study, the allelopathic potential of some crops [white radish (Raphanus sativus L.), Antep radish (Raphanus sativus L.), black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger), little radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula) and turnip (Brassica campestris L. subsp. rapa)] on Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Portulaca oleracea L. were investigated in field conditions. The turnip and radishes in the flowering period were harvested and the remains of the plots were tilled with a diskharrow and the corn was planted in all plots. The density of Amaranthus retroflexus and Portulaca oleracea in corn was counted for 60 days with 15 days intervals. According to the results, it was determined, the radish and turnip residues that were incorporated with soil prevented by approximately 45-52% the germination and growth of Portulaca oleracea and Amaranthus retroflexus up to the first 30 days and the effects have been eliminated after this date.

Ocimum basilicum L. essential oil was analyzed for its antifungal effects on 9 phytopathogenic fungi comprising six Fusarium species (Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium sambucinum and Fusarium semitectum) and Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria solani and Verticillium dahliae mycelial growth in vitro petri experiments. The results of the analyses showed that concentrations 15 and 20 µL petri-1 of O. basilicum essential oil completely inhibited mycelial growth of the F. sambucinum fungi and demonsrated that its antifungal effects were higher than the commercial fungicide "Captan". Different concentrations of the essential oil (5, 10, 15 and 20 µL petri -1), significantly prevented the growth of all tested pathogenic fungi. The results also showed that the essential oil affected mycelial growth of all tested pathogenic fungi, ranged from 0.0 to 31.2 mm at all concentrations and these results confirm the antifungal activities of O. basilicum L. oil. The essential oil prevented the growth of 9 plant pathogens fungi from 23% to100%. With this study, it was determined that the essential oil of O. basilicum has the potential to be used as an antifungal substance.

The aim of the study was to determine the differences among avocado cultivars using SSR markers. Avocado is classified within the Persea genus in the Lauraceae family. In this study, five avocado cultivars grown in the Mediterranean Region obtained from the Western Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, in Antalya, Turkey and seven cultivars obtained from Japan have been used for the molecular analysis. As a result of molecular analyses with 13 SSR markers, two main groups were obtained among avocado cultivars and both groups demonstrated 60 % similarity. In the study, a close correlation was observed both between JP4 and JP6, and JP5 and JP7. Polymorphisms that could separate Zutano and Hass varieties were not obtained and these two cultivars were grouped together. JP1, JP2, JP3, and Bacon varieties formed a single sub-group. The total number of alleles and specific allele numbers were determined as 152 and 53 respectively. The band sizes ranged from 179 to 283 bp. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) changed between 0.03 and 0.85. The results will be usefull in the characterization of the avocado genotypes and comparison of the genetic collections, in the determination of the distribution areas of avocado genotypes and in the avocado breeding programs for choosing parents.

The abstract should state briefly (not exceeding 200 words!) the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. (Shortcut key F5) Echinacea pallida (Nutt) Nutt and Echinacea purpurea (L.) were cultured in 2005, Echinacea paradoxa, Echinacea purpurea var. baby white swan ve Echinacea purpurea var. double decker were cultured in 2010 for the first time and in Konya, Turkey. Echinacea species were replanted in 2012 and no samples were taken in the first year.Herba samples of Echinacea species were taken in 2013-2014. It is aimed to determine the essential oil yield and components of Echinacea herb species. According to our study, when the essential oil components of the five different Echinacea species were investigated, the common constituents were caryophyllene oxide and germacrene D. Caryophyllene oxide was found in Echinacea paradoxa var. paradoxa herb with 20.754%, whereas germacrene D was Echinacea purpurea var. purpurea with 21.563%.

One female specimen of Atlantic lizardfish was caught by professional fisherman from Küçükkuyu (Edremit Bay) on 10th January, 2016. The species is a previously reported to be observed from Edremit Bay without its morphometric and meristic characters. This paper presents the second finding of the Atlantic lizardfish for thesame locality.

The purpose of this research was conducted to determine the performances, morphological and technical caharacters of five red lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) genotypes ((Isik (Aday), Kayi-91, Yusufhan, Ankara Yesili ve Pul-11) grown under the irrigation conditions of Beyazkule-Ceylanpinar in 2014 and 2015 growing season. The research was established on 28.10.2014 with 4 replications according to the trial procedure according to the copletely randomized block design and conducted. According to the results of the research; seed yields varied from 231.7-334.4 kg da-1 , 50% flowering days (158.0-163.0 days), physiological ripening days (198.0-203.0 days), plant height (44.3-55.0 cm), the number of branches in the plant (3.8-4.8 pcs/plant), the number of pods in the plant (71.0-93.0 per plant), the firs pod height (10.0-24.0 cm), 1000 seed weights (33.5-45.5 g). The technological properties were as follows were 31.0-41.0 minutes for cooking time, 21.7-23.9% of protein content and sieve analyzes ranged from 4.5 mm (60.40-83.9), 4 mm (11.1-51.6%), 3.5 mm (61.5-7.09) and below the sieve (1.0-3.5%). The Ipek red lentil genotype was the highest than the other genotpes in terms of plant height, the first pod height and the number of pods per plant. However, Ipek was found to be slightly higher than the others with a slight increase concernign about seed yield. The cooking time of Ipek and Tigris lentil genotypes was shorter than that of the others. Seyran had the highest rate of protein (23.9%), in contrary to, it had the longest cooking time (41.0 min)

In this study, a total of 70 research articles with full text access were reviewed among published articles and papers on the effects of silage inoculants on in vivo and in vitro in terms of silage quality, animal yield and performance. The researches were categorized according to the main materials used for silage, the chemical and fermentation parameters of the silage inoculants used, the effects on the animal yield and performance and the results of each research. As a result of the research, it was concluded that silage inoculants have significant effect on pH and butyric acid (BA) values (P<0.05) in terms of silage fermentation butdo not have any affect on animal performance (P>0.05).

The objective of this study is to determine the agricultural residues potential regarding type and quantity in Sudan. Sudan was divided into six main regions.The amounts of crops cultivated in Sudan in tons of dry matter per year, were calculated and estimated using production data crops with Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Databases of United Nation (FAOSTAT) for the 2016 seasonal year. The annual gross potential of agricultural residues was determined by using residue to product ratio. The energy potential of crop residues for eachregion was calculated by multiplication of the calorific values of agricultural residues with available residue amount. The total amount of unused agricultural crop residues was approximately 11.2Mt. It was found that the total calorific value of agricultural residues were around 154PJ for the production period of 2016 in Sudan. When regions were placed in order according to amount of agricultural residues, the top three regions of the country are central Sudan (4.5Mt), eastern Sudan (4.2Mt), and northern Sudan (1.4Mt). The major crops included in the ratioof the total calorific value were sorghum (43.2%), mango (28.1%), millet (13.6%)and wheat (6%).